802.1x configuration

Why to use dot1x authentication ? dot1x authentication can be used to secure access to the network. 
•enable “aaa” on the switch “ aaa new-model”

•Define external radius-servers:

–Radius-server host hostname | ip-address} key string

•Define the authentication method for 802.1x

–Aaa authentication dot1x default group radius

•Enable 802.1x globally “dot1x system-auth-control”

•Configure each switchport that uses 802.1x

–Switch(config-if)#dot1x port-control {force-authorized | force-unauthorized | auto}

•Force-authorized: the port always authorize any connected client (default state)

•Force-unauthorized: the port is forced to never authorize any connected client (client need to disconnect/reconnect)

•Auto: the port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to the authorized state

•Allow multiple hosts on a switchport

–Dot1x host-mode multi-host

•“show dot1x all”

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Switch port-security

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Control port-access based on MAC addresses. To configure it:

–Enable port-security on an interface “switchport port-security”

–Specify the maximum number of MAC addresses that will be allowed “switchport port-security maximum mac-address-number (1-1024). By default port-security will make sure that only one MAC address  will be allowed access on each switchport.

–You can specify MAC addresses for a switchport statically or dynamically – the switch will learn the mac addresses for the host connected to a switchport (up to the maximum configured); learned mac addresses can be aged out if the hosts are silent for a period of time (by default no aging). If after the maximum number a new host connect to that switchport, the port will go to errdisabled

•switchport port-security maximum 2

•Switchport port-security mac-address xxxx.xxxx.xxxx

•Swtichport port-security mac-address sticky

–Define how the interface will react in case of port-security violation:

•“switchport port-security violation {shutdown | restrict | protect}

•Shutdown: put port in errdisabled stated (either re-enable manually or through err-disable recovery)

•Restrict: the port is allowed to stay up, but all packets from violating MAC address are dropped. (send snmp trap or syslog)

•Protect: Port is allowed to stay up, although packets from violating addresses are dropped. No record of violation is kept

  

OSPF metric

•OSPF uses a Metric of  cost=100,000,000/bandwidth(Kbps)

•The default reference bandwdith is 100,000,000 and it  can be changed.

OSPF router type

•We have these types of routers:

–Internal router: All networks (interfaces) connected directly to this router belong to the same area. An internal-router has a single link-state database

–Area Border router: ABR: He has at least 2 connected networks (interfaces) that are in two different areas. ABR will have more than one link-state database, 1 for each area. Its responsibility to exchange topology information between areas

–Backbone router: at least one connected network in area 0 ( can be internal or ABR)

–Autnomous System Boundary router: ASBR: at least one network participating in OSPF, and one network in another routing domain. Its role is to exchange information between OSPF and external routes.

Troubleshooting VTP

•If a switch doesn’t seem to be receiving updated information from a VTP server:

–Either the swtich is in transparent mode. Verify by “show vtp status”

–“there might not be a switch configured as vtp server”

–The link between the switch and the other switches is not in trunking mode. VTP can be advertised only over trunk links. To verify if an interface is trunk or acess

•“show interface type mod/num switchport”

–Make sure the vtp version is compatible with other switches in the VTP domain.

–Make sure the VTP password matches in the vtp domain

–Make sure the VTP domain name match that of the VTP server

VTP configuration

•By default vtp mode is server, management domain is NULL, and there is no password.

•If a switch receives a VTP summary advertisement on a trunk port from any other switch, it will automatically learn the VTP domain name, VLANs and the configuration revision number it hears.

•Before you add a switch to the network, verify that the revision number is set to 0 “show vtp status”

•There is two ways to configure VTP:

–Global config mode

–vlan database mode mostly deprecated

To join a specific VTP management domain, you have to “vtp domain domain-name

Configuring the VTP mode:

–Server mode: multiple VTP servers can coexist in a domain. The servers do not elect primary or secondary, if one server is configured with a new VLAN or VTP parameter, it advertises the changes to the rest of the domain. All other servers synchronize the VTP databases to this advertisement just as any VTP client would

–Client mode: if you want to configure a as VTP server, you start it as a client to learn the latest changes, than you configure it in server mode.

–Transparent mode: this mode is used if a switch will not share the VLAN information with any other switch in the network. VLAN can still be created, deleted or modified, but they are not advertised, however VTP advertisement received by a transparent switch are forwarded out trunk links. Keeping switches in transparent mode can eliminate the chance for duplicate over-lapping VLANs in large network with many network administrators

–“vtp mode {server | client | transparent}

–Vtp password password

On some IOS, you can turn vtp off, by using the command vtp off command. This command allows the switch to act the same as if it is in a vtp transparent with the addition that the switch doesn't forward vtp advertisement on trunk links.
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How to configure PPP authentication

I would like to explain in this article how to configure PPP authentication between two routers.
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Let's take a look first at our diagram:

As you see in the image, we have 2 routers connected through serial point-to-point interfaces. The subnet is 192.168.13.0/24.

R3 must authenticate R1, means in order for router R3 to accept PPP connection with router R1, R1 must proove his identity to router R3. And let's say that Router R3 will authenticate R1 by PAP authentication

Let us start with first basic ppp connectivity

Router R3
sh run int s0/0/1
interface Serial0/0/1
ip address 192.168.13.3 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
end

router R1
show run int s0/1/0
interface Serial0/1/0
ip address 192.168.13.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
clock rate 2000000
end

So as we said the authentication is PAP, and it is local (means when R3 wants to authenticate router R1, R3 will look in its own local database). So for that purpose, we will create a local username and password on router R3. We will name the user R1User and password is password.
R3(config)#username R1User privilege 1 password password
Now On router R3, we need to tell the router R3 to use local database for ppp authentication.
so first:
R3(config)#aaa new-model
Then we created a list called R1-PPP-AUTH, this list is local authentication list for ppp connectivity
R3(config)#aaa authentication ppp R1-PPP-AUTH local
So now let us attach this list authentication to the ppp connection on the serial interface s0/0/
R3(config-if)#ppp authentication pap R1-PPP-AUTH
R3(config-if)#
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to down
R3(config-if)#
As you see that once we configured the ppp authentication, the line protocol goes down on s0/0/1

So what we have to do now is to move the router R1 and configure it to send username and password to router R3, so that router R3 will know that the connection is sent from router R1
R1(config-if)#ppp pap sent-username R1User password password
R1(config-if)#
*Jan 14 10:52:36.919: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/0
As you see, once we entered this command on router1, the ppp connection came up.

For PPP CHAP authentication, I will explain it in my ne

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